Optimal Design of an Inductive MHD Electric Generator

In this paper, the problem of optimizing the design of an inductive Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (MHD) electric generator is formalized as a multi-objective optimization problem where the conflicting objectives consist of maximizing the output power while minimizing the hydraulic losses and the mass of the apparatus. In the proposal, the working fluid is ionized with periodical pulsed discharges and the resulting neutral plasma is unbalanced by means of an intense DC electrical field. The gas is thus split into two charged streams, which induce an electromotive force into a magnetically coupled coil. The resulting generator layout does not require the use of superconducting coils and allows you to manage the issues related to the conductivity of the gas and the corrosion of the electrodes, which are typical limits of the MHD generators. A tailored multi-objective optimization algorithm, based on the Tabu Search meta-heuristics, has been implemented, which returns a set of Pareto optimal solutions from which it is possible to choose the optimal solution according to further applicative or performance constraints

Optimization of a power line communication system to manage electric vehicle charging stations in a smart grid

In this paper, a procedure is proposed to design a power line communication (PLC) system to perform the digital transmission in a distributed energy storage system consisting of fleets of electric cars. PLC uses existing power cables or wires as data communication multicarrier channels. For each vehicle, the information to be transmitted can be, for example: the models of the batteries, the level of the charge state, and the schedule of charging/discharging. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation (OFDM) is used for the bit loading, whose parameters are optimized to find the best compromise between the communication conflicting objectives of minimizing the signal power, maximizing the bit rate, and minimizing the bit error rate. The off-line design is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem, whose solution supplies a set of Pareto optimal solutions. At the same time, as many charging stations share part of the transmission line, the optimization problem includes also the assignment of the sub-carriers to the single charging stations. Each connection between the control node and a charging station has its own frequency response and is affected by a noise spectrum. In this paper, a procedure is presented, called Chimera, which allows one to solve the multi-objective optimization problem with respect to a unique frequency response, representing the whole set of lines connecting each charging station with the central node. Among the provided Pareto solutions, the designer will make the final decision based on the control system requirements and/or the hardware constraints

Forecasting-Aided Monitoring for the Distribution System State Estimation

In this paper, an innovative approach based on an artificial neural network (ANN) load forecasting model to improve the distribution system state estimation accuracy is proposed. High-quality pseudomeasurements are produced by a neural model fed with both exogenous and historical load information and applied in a realistic measurement scenario. Aggregated active and reactive powers of small or medium enterprises and residential loads are simultaneously predicted by a one-step ahead forecast. The correlation between the forecasted real and reactive power errors is duly kept into account in the definition of the estimator together with the uncertainty of the overall measurement chain. The beneficial effects of the ANN-based pseudomeasurements on the quality of the state estimation are demonstrated by simulations carried out on a small medium-voltage distribution grid

Selection of features based on electric power quantities for non-intrusive load monitoring

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a process of determining the operating states and the energy consumption of single electric devices using a single energy meter providing aggregate load measurements. Due to the large spread of power electronic-based and nonlinear devices connected to the network, the time signals of both voltage and current are typically non-sinusoidal. The effectiveness of a NILM algorithm strongly depends on determining a set of discriminative features. In this paper, voltage and current signals were combined to define, according to the definitions provided in Standard IEEE 1459, different power quantities, that can be used to distinguish different types of appliance. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifiers were trained to solve the appliance detection problem as a multi-class event classification problem, varying the electric features in input. This allowed to select an optimal set of features guarantying good classification performance in identifying typical electric loads

A real time bolometer tomographic reconstruction algorithm in nuclear fusion reactors

In tokamak nuclear fusion reactors, one of the main issues is to know the total emission of radiation, which is mandatory to understand the plasma physics and is very useful to monitor and control the plasma evolution. This radiation can be measured by means of a bolometer system that consists in a certain number of elements sensitive to the integral of the radiation along straight lines crossing the plasma. By placing the sensors in such a way to have families of crossing lines, sophisticated tomographic inversion algorithms allow to reconstruct the radiation tomography in the 2D poloidal cross-section of the plasma. In tokamaks, the number of projection cameras is often quite limited resulting in an inversion mathematic problem very ill conditioned so that, usually, it is solved by means of a grid-based, iterative constrained optimization procedure, whose convergence time is not suitable for the real time requirements. In this paper, to illustrate the method, an assumption not valid in general is made on the correlation among the grid elements, based on the statistical distribution of the radiation emissivity over a set of tomographic reconstructions, performed off-line. Then, a regularization procedure is carried out, which merge highly correlated grid elements providing a squared coefficients matrix with an enough low condition number. This matrix, which is inverted offline once for all, can be multiplied by the actual bolometer measures returning the tomographic reconstruction, with calculations suitable for real time application. The proposed algorithm is applied, in this paper, to a synthetic case study

Pyroclastic Stones as Building Materials in Medieval Romanesque Architecture of Sardinia (Italy): Chemical-Physical Features of Rocks and Associated Alterations

The paper discusses the chemical-physical-petrographic features and decay processes of San Nicola Church (11th−14th century) building materials, one of the most representative Medieval Churches in Sardinia, stylistically attributable to the Romanesque architecture. The monument was built up into two stages and shows a characteristic size uniformity of the ashlars. The masonry is mainly made up of rhyodacitic pyroclastites belonging to the Sardinian Eocene-Miocene magmatic phase (38–15 My). These volcanic rocks were widely used in Medieval architecture for the excellent workability, but its minero-petrographic features greatly favor the decay, due to the action of chemical-physical alteration processes. Although the alteration degree and macroscopic forms of decay vary from zone to zone in the monument, according to the different compositional features of the volcanic stones, weathering and exposure condition, the pyroclastic rocks are generally affected by greater alteration than other igneous lithotypes, due to their petrographic-volcanological characteristics (e.g., low-medium welding grade, medium-high porosity). The results concerning mineralogical and petrographic features, respectively, carried out by the application of X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Optical Microscope (OM), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques, both on fresh building rocks and associated alterations, are here presented and discussed. Furthermore, the relationships between fresh pyroclastites and alteration processes affecting these rocks will be discussed

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of an Innovative System of Wind Power Generation

Abstract: In this work an innovative system for wind power generation in urban areas is proposed. The generation system substitutes the roof of the building and it consists of a static part, the stator, and a moving part, called impeller or rotor, which is a centripetal turbine with vertical axis of rotation. The rotary motion of the rotor is transferred through a shaft to a generator that produces electricity. Since the objective is to conveying the air flow in the stator in order to avoid the formation of vortices, the logarithmic spiral has been chosen as the shape for the stator blades. A 2D and a 3D model of the system are analyzed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the new system proposed considering both the influence of the profile of the building and the effect of impedance of the duct on the available power to the impeller

Breast tumors: an overview

Review on Breast tumors: an overview, with data on clinics, and the genes involved

Relationship between milk urea, blood plasma urea and body condition score in primiparous browsing goats with different milk yield level

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among milk urea, blood plasma urea, milk yield and body condition score (BCS) in primiparous goats fed at pasture. Ninety goats of Sarda breed were used and, on the basis of their yield level, divided in three groups of 30 animals each, low (LY), intermediate (IY) and high milk yield (HY). Daily milk yield, milk protein content, milk urea, plasma total protein and albumin, plasma urea and BCS were measured at monthly intervals from 45 days in milking (45 DIM) to 165 DIM. Milk yield level affected protein concentration of milk and plasma, whereas albumin showed no variation. Plasma and milk urea showed a high correlation (P<0.001) despite of the yield level; plasma urea was always lower than milk urea. BCS decreased on 75 DIM and again after 135 DIM, and it was not affected by the milk yield level. Because milk urea and plasma urea were closely correlated and not influenced by the yield level, the study pointed out that measurement of milk urea could be utilized to evaluate urea metabolism also for browsing goats

Relationship between different livestock managements and stress response in dairy ewes

The gradual diffusion of intensive and semi-intensive production systems, especially in dairy sheep breeds, has led to the growing concern of consumers about the life conditions of farmed animals. Space allowance and structures of sheep houses are described as the main potential sources of discomfort for housed flocks, together with inappropriate milking procedures and human–animal interactions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the structure relative to milking room could represent a stressor in Sarda dairy ewes. Animals were divided into two groups according to their farm of origin. Group A (n = 40) was from a farm whose milking room was an old warehouse with a waiting area limited and located outdoors and at a different level with respect to the milking room. The passageway of the entrance in the milking room was narrow and perpendicular to the milking positioning so the animal must bend 90° to enter in the room. Group B (n = 40) was from a farm whose milking room was wide and modern with a large waiting area located at the same level. From all animals blood samples were collected at T0 (2 h before milking procedure at 06:00), at T1 (immediately after the animals entered the milking room, about 08:00) and at T2 (after milking procedure). In addition plasma cortisol and glucose values were evaluated. Statistical analysis showed significant effect of milking room (P &lt; 0.001) and of sampling time (P &lt; 0.05) on cortisol and glucose levels. The results obtained in the present study suggest that, in addition to milking, the characteristics of the room where this procedure occurs represent stressful stimuli that could influence negatively the productivity and welfare of dairy ewes